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1.1 Development of welding equipment and welding methods In recent decades, with the rapid development of science and technology, welding equipment and welding methods have also been greatly developed. At present, the remarkable characteristics of foreign welding equipment are high precision, high quality, high reliability, digital, intelligent control, large-scale, integrated and multi-functional. Both from the perspective of production composition and technology development, the domestic is developing in the direction of efficient, automated, intelligent, energy-saving and environmentally friendly welding. China's arc welding equipment is gradually approaching the domestic level, adjust the product structure, improve the product grade, should vigorously develop the inverter welding power supply and automatic, semi-automatic welding machine, especially the high-efficiency and energy-saving carbon dioxide welding machine; Resistance welding technology to medium and high power as the main research content and development direction; Electromagnetic compatibility technology will be popularized in welding equipment, welding equipment industry in urgent need of low energy consumption, green products; Automatic welding technology and equipment are developing at an unprecedented speed, the Three Gorges project, west-east gas transmission project, aerospace engineering, Marine engineering and other national large-scale basic engineering development and the rise of the domestic automobile industry, have effectively promoted the development and progress of advanced welding technology, especially welding automation technology; Welding robots and intelligent welding will also be appropriately developed in specific fields and widely used; The demand for complete sets of special welding equipment is increasing, the application range is wider, the technical performance requirements are getting higher and higher, the equipment to meet the efficient new process will be more mature and popular, the domestic equipment manufacturing enterprises need to make new breakthroughs in the special, complete sets of welding equipment. 1.2 Development of welding materials With the progress of science and technology and the continuous innovation of industrial materials, the emergence of new materials has put forward new challenges and demands for welding technology. For example, the application of high-strength steel, aluminum alloys, nickel-based alloys and other materials has widely promoted the development of welding technology. Traditional welding methods may have some problems when dealing with these new materials, such as welding deformation, cracks and so on. Therefore, the development of new welding processes and technologies to improve the quality and reliability of welded joints has become an important direction of the current development of welding technology. At present, the output of welding materials in China is the first in the world, but in the structure of welding materials and industrial developed countries, the gap is very obvious. In order to adapt to the trend of welding production towards high efficiency, high quality, low cost and automation, developed countries such as the United States and Japan are constantly adjusting the product structure of welding materials. In the mid-1980s, foreign developed countries accounted for about 50% of the proportion of welding materials, by the beginning of the 21st century, Europe, North America, Japan in the consumption of welding materials, the proportion of welding rods are less than 20%, that is to say, the current automation and semi-automatic welding in developed countries, has accounted for more than 80% of the entire welding workload. From the development of welding materials in developed countries and regions such as the United States, Japan and Western Europe, the reduction of welding rods for manual arc welding and the continuous increase of automatic welding materials are an inevitable development trend. It is urgent to develop and produce self-protection and surfacing drug cored wire in our country. As for the copper-free wire introduced by domestic and foreign manufacturers, it should be called special coated wire, because of the different coating components and surface treatment methods of various manufacturers, the performance of the wire is also different. The excellent coating and surface treatment process not only plays the role of rust prevention and lubrication, but also does not produce copper dust during welding, and can improve the arc stability of the welding wire and reduce welding splash. At present, domestic and foreign manufacturers of this wire coating and surface treatment process is still improving, it is expected that this wire and the digital inverter welding machine accurately control the arc transition, can achieve high efficiency, low splash high-current CO2 welding, to achieve the equivalent of flux-cored wire welding process effect, is the future development direction. 1.3 Future new welding methods, welding equipment and welding materials On the one hand, we should develop new welding methods, welding equipment and welding materials to further improve welding quality and safety reliability, such as improving the existing arc, plasma arc, electron beam, laser and other welding energy, using electronic technology and control technology to improve the process performance of the arc, and develop a reliable and lightweight arc tracking method; On the other hand, it is necessary to improve the level of welding mechanization and automation, such as welding machine to achieve program control, digital control, the development of special welding machine from the preparation process, welding to quality control of the whole process automation, in the automatic welding production line, the promotion and expansion of CNC welding robots and welding robots, can improve the level of welding production, improve welding health and safety conditions. In the 21st century, facing the grand goal of science and technology development in our country, facing the huge gap between our welding technology and foreign countries, which put forward higher requirements for welding workers, so we must use modern science and technology, and strive to promote the progress and development of welding technology.

2.1 Future welding technology core breakthrough direction With the development of manufacturing to high-end and intelligent direction, welding technology is ushering in the following core breakthrough direction ‌‌ 1. Intelligent welding system ‌‌AI adaptive welding ‌ : ‌AI driven welding system ‌ welding seam identification and parameter optimization based on deep learning to realize real-time quality monitoring and defect warning. The adaptive welding robot can dynamically adjust the path and energy input to cope with complex working conditions (such as spacecraft surface welding). The welding robot equipped with the neural network can analyze the thermal deformation of the material in real time and dynamically adjust the welding parameters (such as the welding of the titanium alloy cabin of the spacecraft). The defect detection rate is increased to 99.5%, and the welding efficiency is increased by 50%. ‌ Digital twin factory ‌ : Virtual simulation technology reduces welding process development cycle by 70% (Case: Tesla 4680 battery pack welding process optimization). The virtual simulation is used to predict welding deformation and reduce trial and error cost. Support 5G remote control of high-risk environment operations (such as nuclear power plant maintenance). ‌ 2. High-precision energy technology ‌ ultrafast laser welding ‌ : femtosecond laser welding achieves micron-level accuracy and is used in chip packaging and micro medical devices (such as pacemaker wire welding). Laser-arc composite welding ‌ : combining laser high precision and arc high penetration, used for new energy vehicle battery packaging. ‌ electron beam vacuum welding: to achieve zero-pollution connection of titanium alloy and other difficult welding materials, used in medical device manufacturing. Cold Metal Transition (CMT) upgrade ‌ : The heat input is reduced to 20% of the traditional MIG, suitable for aluminum lithium alloy body welding (BMW i7 line). ‌ 3. Space and deep sea welding ‌ Lunar base in-situ manufacturing ‌ : NASA uses vacuum electron beam welding technology to directly weld metal structures with ilmenite in lunar soil. Deep sea pipeline repair ‌ : the pressure depth of underwater welding robot exceeded 6,000 meters (CNOOC South China Sea Oil and Gas Field Project). 4. ‌ material compatibility breakthrough ‌ dissimilar material connection ‌ The development of aluminum/steel, ceramic/metal and other hybrid joint technology to promote lightweight structural design (such as aircraft weight reduction). Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) ultrasonic welding to solve the problem of insufficient strength of traditional bonding process. 5. Sustainable upgrade ‌ hydrogen welding machine ‌ : replace the traditional acetylene cutting, achieve zero carbon emissions. Welding smoke purification system ‌ : nano-filter core +AI risk control, capturing 99.9% harmful particles. 2.2 Challenges and prospects of future welding technology ‌‌ Challenge ‌ : Welding reliability in extreme environments (such as ultra-high temperature nuclear fusion reactors). Standardization of nanoscale welding process (3D stacking of chips). Vision 2030: Quantum welding technology: Using the principle of quantum entanglement to achieve atomic-level material bonding. Biowelding: Research and development of biodegradable low-temperature solder based on biological enzymes.